How does Willy Russell address issues of gender in the extracts from Shirley Valentine Essay Example

How does Willy Russell address issues of gender in the extracts from Shirley Valentine? Essay The 1980s was a decade of reform from what was considered the expected roles of society. A major youth society emerged with more youths being independent from their older generations at an earlier age; this is signified by the masses of music written at the time aimed at the youth and the boost in nightclubs. Following the movements of the 70s and early 80s womens rights had been greatly changed; their roles in the work place had been widened, women now could take more senior positions as equals to the men unlike generations before where women would be housewives or be employed work which was seen as appropriately feminine at the time. Similarly roles in the relationships were changing; those women who were now full time worker in powerful positions could no longer look after the children and household as housewives, as was common in previous generations, instead it became more common for marriages and families to be formed late in life, for relationships where the roles of the housewife would be shared between both husband and wife or even for the husband to assume the role as a househusband. It is here in this time where Willy Russell sets his play Shirley Valentine. The play is a monologue from the character Shirley, a middle aged woman, the wife of Joe, a believer that a womans role is as a housewife, and a mother to two children both of who have move away from home and are part of the new youth culture. In the play Shirley tells the audience of her situation at home and how it lead her to go to Greece in search of her lost youth, to become Shirley Valentine again the girl she was before her marriage to Joe. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Willy Russell address issues of gender in the extracts from Shirley Valentine? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Willy Russell address issues of gender in the extracts from Shirley Valentine? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Willy Russell address issues of gender in the extracts from Shirley Valentine? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Within the play Shirleys monologue script contains various areas reflecting upon the gender roles in conversational styles. As it is written in the monologue form it is Shirleys interpretation of the events which is presented as well as her attitudes and values toward them, for instance when Shirley tells of her first meeting with Costas she describes how she perceives the conversational style of a typical man, Most men, really, there no good at talkin with women. They dont know how to listen or they feel that they have to take over the conversation. This speech, and the example which Shirley also includes with it, holds various evidence within it for all of the three of the gender conversational models. The dominance model, the male conversationalist sees the woman as a disadvantaged speaker and feels the need to assert himself as the dominant participant, this is how Shirley perceives the situation but by looking at the evidence closer the reader can justify the two other gender models. The difference model, the male conversationalist style sees the situation differently than the female perceiving the topic raised as a discussion he then develops her topic to continue the conversation. The deficit model, the female conversationalist lacks a tag on her opening line encouraging no response from the male and losing topic control, in this model the woman lacks the techniques to collaborate with the man. Another opinion of Shirleys is that Costas is not like other men with his conversational style. When she talks to Costas Shirley maintains topic control, often by using politeness strategies, to which Costas responds politely and without threatening behaviour or aggressive dominance technique such as her husband Joe uses. At home Shirleys conversations with Joe show him to use dominance techniques, such as demands, taboo language threatening language, physical actions and minimal responses, he said I am not eating shit, and honest to God, an he pushed the plate the entire length of the table. By doing this Joe hopes to keep topic control but often this is not so as Shirleys quick witted more literate conversational style often defeats him, he goes, Whats this? What. Is. This? I said to him, I said, well when I cooked it was egg an chips, an as neither of us is Paul Daniels Im assumin it still is egg an chips. this sarcastic wit, which Shirley uses against Joe in order to wrestle topic control from him, is not found in her conversations with Costas, as his conversational style is very different to Joes. Costas conversational style incorporates many features commonly associated with the female conversational style, politeness, which allows Shirley to maintain topic control, and verbosity rather than the minimal response characteristic associated with male conversational style. Shirleys conversational style, unlike the two male characters Joe and Carlos, doe not remain constant through out but rather progresses changing converging with her situation. At the beginning of the play Shirleys conversations tend to be a battle for topic control with Joe and using her intelligible nature and literate advantage she produces various sarcastic witty phrases to achieve topic control. Later at the end of the play Shirleys style has changed dramatically, her use of taboo language and long pauses in her speech mirror male speech and seem to show a convergence with Joe as she has gained her understanding of the world. Overall Willy Russell has shown gender conversational styles to be diverse and controversial, not unique to a gender but diverse. This can be seen through the conversational styles of Joe, dominant, threatening, and using minimal responses, and Carlos, polite and veracious, one thought of as a typically male style the other a feminine style. Shirley also shows this diversity through her changing of styles to incorporate the typically masculine features at the end of the play but also in her example of male speech where the gender models can all be met preventing it being classified as one definite style.

Internal Controls

Internal Controls Introduction Chorafas (2001) notes â€Å"Internal Control is a dynamic system covering all types of risk, addressing fraud, assuring transparency, and making possible reliable financial reporting. Beyond risks, internal control goals are the preservation of assets, account reconciliation, and compliance.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Controls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Limitations of ABC Co.’s Internal Control System The internal control system is designed to identify and avert fraud, material misstatements and errors and omissions. However it can only offer reasonable guarantee that there isn’t material misstatement in the financial statements. No internal control system, however elaborate, can be by itself guarantee efficient administration and completeness and accuracy of the records nor can it be proof against fraudulent collusion, especially on the part of those holding pos itions of authority and trust. This is mainly due to the following inherent limitations of an internal control system: (a) Management has to ensure that the benefits expected from an internal control system outweigh the costs. As a result certain important controls might not be put in place due to the costs involved. E.g. a small entity might not have the resources to employ sufficient staff to ensure proper segregation of duties. (Spencer Pickett, 2010). (b) Most internal controls tend to be directed towards routine transactions rather than non-routine transactions. This leaves gaps that can be exploited. (c) Human error due to carelessness, distraction, mistakes of judgment and misunderstanding instructions could undermine the internal control system. 2 examples of Internal Control Procedures and their implementation â€Å"Control procedures† means those policies and procedures (in addition to the control environment) which management has established to achieve the entityà ¢â‚¬â„¢s specific objectives. Specific internal control procedures include:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arithmetical and accounting control These are procedures within the accounting function, which check that transactions are authorized, correctly and accurately recorded. This is aimed at ensuring completeness and accuracy of the accounting records. These procedures can be implemented through the following ways: (Godwin 2010) Use of standardized documentation, raised at every stage of the transaction. Use of pre-numbered documents. Documents should be issued in sequence. Monitor movement of documents by use of a register. Production of exceptional reports for example when a local purchase order has been raised and the order has not been fulfilled by the supplier. Reconciliation between the different accounts and related control accounts. Segregation of duties This refers to the separation of the various duties and responsibilities such that one person cannot process and record complete transactions from beginning to the end without being checked by another person. For example, in the purchase of a company’s fixed assets, a single individual should not authorize the purchase, place the order, receive the asset and record the transaction in the accounting records. This is aimed at minimizing the risk of error and/or intentional manipulation of information. In this regard, for every transaction the following functions should be performed by different individuals and departments as much as possible and practicable. This is how this procedure is implemented: Initiation Authorization different levels of management should be given authority limits as to what they can authorize or commit the company’s resources. The authority limit should depend on the position, integrity, qualifications and competence. Execution transactions should be carried out by persons independent from those who authorize the transactions. If one person authorizes expenditure a different person should execute. Custody of the asset officials authorizing/executing a transaction should not have custody to the assets arising out of the transaction. Recording Segregation of duties also covers internal check which refers to the activities of one person must be complementary to the activities of another or subjected to independent checking. Symptoms of a lack of Internal Control Signs that an internal control system may be lacking include (but are not limited to) such factors as: management failing to exercise appropriate due care and correct supervision of staff. â€Å"These symptoms can be identified by missing documentation and identified errors in the account balances; and the lack of a company-wide ethics policy.† (Herrera 2010). Another sign that indicates a lack of internal control is that lack of segregation of duties is evident. This consequently implies that members of staff have access to tasks (and are performing them) and this is causing contradictions in the regular allotted duties. Impact of ABC Co.’s missing journal entry on their financial statements If the company has to pay insurance of $1500 in January, for example, but in real sense it is for the 3 months that follow, it becomes an expense because of the journal entry that is missing. These errors of omission usually result in erroneous ratio analyses which consequently cause management to make unsuitable decisions based on financial information that contains inaccuracies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Controls specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Horngren et al (1999) notes that â€Å"†¦the balance sheet shows less than accurate current assets and the income statement shows that there are more expenses incurred than there actually are. Adjusting ent ry will be required, but the statements during the last three months were deficient† References Chorafas, D.N. (2001). Implementing and auditing the internal control system. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Godwin, N., et al. (2010). Financial ACCT. Stamford, CT: Cengage. Spencer, H., Pickett, J. M. (2010). The Internal Audit Handbook. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Environment policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environment policy - Assignment Example Initiatives to better preserve this planet, adopting a â€Å"greener† perspective, and taking steps to research and beneficially slow the damage we contribute to the planet is a good thing. There are several things that tend to stand in the way of solid government policies and interventions on this issue. Firstly, many people do not take the concern seriously. They often disregard the topic’s discussions to the ramblings of paranoid conservationists and â€Å"tree huggers.† Others disregard the concerns, founded or not, because the potential, consequential, repercussions of environmental issues will, likely, not culminate into anything serious enough to affect day to day living for generations to come; which, overall, could be considered rather selfish and definitely short-sighted. Politically, it is harder to get full support on initiatives because different states have a differing level of economic loss and gain when it comes to environmental policies. Both, Democrats and Republicans, representing states that have heavier fossil fuel productions dispute any legislature and are far less likely to support environmental interventions.("New York Times") Sev eral states have taken upon themselves to implement their own policies and initiatives to encourage a more environmentally conscious and beneficial approaches. Environmental issues are very real, they do matter, and they are worthy of taking seriously in order to preserve this planet that we all live on. In the end, however, it is not an issue simply of states, or individual countries, it is a global issue. But America’s policies, often, set an example for others around the world, perhaps greater action on our part would result in greater responses worldwide. I respect your opinion and I have to say that I agree with you that not everything that leads to planetary damage can be laid solely on the actions of humankind. However, human beings readapt their environments to suit their